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Many people start with TeX because they want to set formulae.Simple math typesetting exists since PlainTeX and these commands work in ConTeXt as in LaTeX.Advanced math was introduced to TeX by AMS (American Mathematical Society); nowadays AMSTeX and LaTeX are united. But how can one use advanced math with ConTeXt?== Introduction ==
* There are two different math modules TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN]top of TeX, [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]]it inherits all those features.* It is also possible In addition to use most [[LaTeX Math in these, ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set adds lot of supporting definitions.* The "native" ConTeXt way macros to make the typesetting of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.* And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distributionmathematics easier.
==Simple Math==There are '''two''' kinds of '''math modes''' --- '''inline math and display math'''. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of the text (such as formulas or equations) are called display math. TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression.
ConTeXt supports inline math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part The basics of the text) and display math (mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline typesetting math is enclosed in "$" signs, while display math ConTeXt is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pairexplained here.
<texcode>Inline === Display math is set as $c^2 mode == a^2 + b^2$, and display math as\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</texcode>
This, when typeset, produces the following:Type {{cmd|startformula}} to get display math mode.
<contextsource="yes">Inline math The famous result (once more) is set as $c^2 = a^2 + b^2$, and display math as\placeformulagiven by
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
</context>
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.=== Inline math mode ===
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-four equivalent commands to get inline math mode notes within math.) For instance:<texcode>A more complicated equation:\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{ConTeXtcmd|$}}}^2 \over x+2} = \pmatrix, {a_{11cmd|m}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_, {1n}\cr a_{21cmd|math}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_, {2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1cmd|mathematics}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</texcode>to get display inline math mode.
which produces<contextsource="yes">A more complicated equation:\placeformulaframed[align=normal,frame=off]{%The famous result (once more) is given by $ c^2 = a^2 + b^2 $.\startformulapar % TeX style.{{The famous result (once more) is given by \theta_m{\text{ConTeXt}}}c^2 = a^2 \over x+b^2} = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&.\ldots&a_{1n}\crpar a_{21}&a_{22}&The famous result (once more) is given by \ldots&a_math{2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} c^2 = a^2 + \sum_{j=1b^2}^.\infty z^jpar \leftThe famous result ( once more) is given by \sum_mathematics{\scriptstyle nc^2 =1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}a^\infty Z_j2 + b^n \right)\stopformula2}.}
</context>
[http://www=== Note to Plain TeX Users ===ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible.ntgSo, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt.nl:8061/texmathThis does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt.pdf Here] For inline math, everything that you can try it "live" (PDF interface!)learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. [[MathAlignment]] However, display math is covered on a separate pagesignificantly different. '''Do not use <code>$$ .... $$</code>''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use {{cmd|startformula}} and <tt>\stopformula</tt>. ==Formula Numbering==
As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula<See [[Math/cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used Display]] for more details on how to produce sub-formula numberinguse display math in ConTeXt. For example:
<texcode>Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2= Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ===\stopformula<ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is different. See this [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/texcode>context-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
<context>== Math symbols ==* [[Math/basic | How to input math]] (binary relations, greek letters, subscripts and superscripts)* Accents* [[Math/stackers | underbrace]], [[Math/stackers | overbrace]]* [[Math/fractions | Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, continued fractions.]]* Delimiters (big, bigg, left, middle, right)* Integrals and SumsExamples:* ([[Math/functions|Log like]]) functions* dots\placeformula{a}* [[Multiline_equations#Cases|Cases]], matrices, bordermatrix\startformula* Arrows (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])c^2 = a^2 + b^2* [[Vectors]]\stopformula* [[Product integral]]
== Display Math ==* [[Math/Display | Formula, formula number]]* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/mathalign.pdf Using \placesubformula{b}mathalign and friends])\startformula* [[Equation alignment]]c^2 = a^2 + b^2* [[Matrix in maths]]\stopformula* [[Math spacing]]</context>* Discussion: [[User_talk:Zenlima | summary of formula numbering problems]] (comment: unverified)
What's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance. Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags).
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. Others:* [[math calligraphic]]* Use [[mathstackers]] However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> in order to define new math commands, in which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno</cmd>. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>.some characters are stacked over another one* [[\startcases]]
<texcode>More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</texcode>= Plotting==
<context>More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</context>* Data plotting with [[MPgraph|module graph]]
In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let</cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formula. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines</cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno</cmd> to do this automatically.
For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula.==Math Fonts==
<texcode>Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode>''See [[Math fonts]]'' for the main article about this subject.
<context>== Other Methods ==Yet more examples* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]]. And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.\placeformula\startformula* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Multiline equations]]\eqalignno{c^2 &= * It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \crrelatively small set of supporting definitions. a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context>* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within ==Science==* Esp. for physics there’s the same formula, [[Units]] module.* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and the formula number is incremented as expectedChemML. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence* [[Chemistry]]* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <{{cmd>|digits</cmd>}}, and a with its own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.comnl/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==(i.e. ''doing'' math)* See also [[Bold MathExpressions]]* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
=Other =Science== * Esp[https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2008/talks/2008-08-24-aditya-display-math/presentation. for physics there’s the [[units]pdf Aditya Mahajan 2008 presentation] module.* Additions to [[MathMLhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuRa4cnXK-I TUG 2022 — Mikael P. Sundqvist — Pushing math forward with luametatex and ConTeXt]] are PhysML and ChemML.** [[Chemistry]https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-2/tb134hagen-math.pdf first article (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)]* There's a module for chemical structure formulae* [https: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] //tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-3/tb135hagen-mathchange.pdf second article (TUGboat, Volume 43 (works also with LaTeX2022), No. It's based on [[Metapost2)]] and [[MetaFun]].
[[Category:Math]]