< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] | [[Multiline equations]] >
== Introduction ==
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
==Simple Math==There are '''two''' kinds of '''math modes''' --- '''inline math and display math'''. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of the text (such as formulas or equations) are called display math. TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression.
Typesetting mathematics can be divided into two parts, '''inline''' math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part The basics of the text) and '''display''' typesetting math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline math consists of maths that in ConTeXt is typed in a sentenceexplained here. For example
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric results</context> There are two ways of typing inline math. The TeX was is to surround what you want to type within <code>$</code>...<code>$</code>. Thus, the above will be typed as<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of the first trignometric results</texcode> ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same result. Instead of dollars, you can write the material for maths inside <cmd>\mathematics</cmd>. Thus, an alternate way to type the above is,<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric results</texcode> Choose the method that suits your style. (I do not know if there are pros and cons of $..$ vs \mathematics{}. If someone knows, then please elaborate -- aditya ) Display math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair. Thus <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) is given by\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following: <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]The famous result (once more) is given by\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> =mode = Numbering Formula ==
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</Type {{cmd> before <cmd>|startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will }} to get numbered equations. Thus,<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2display math mode.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following:
<contextsource="yes">\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.=== Inline math mode ===
== Not so Simple Maths ==There are four equivalent commands to get inline math mode: {{cmd|$}}, {{cmd|m}}, {{cmd|math}}, {{cmd|mathematics}} to get display inline math mode.
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.) For instance:<texcodecontext source="yes">A more complicated equation:\placeformulaframed[align=normal,frame=off]{%\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}The famous result (once more) is given by $ c^2 \over x+= a^2} = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{j=1}b^2 $.\infty z^jpar % TeX style. \leftThe famous result ( once more) is given by \sum_m{\scriptstyle nc^2 =1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}a^\infty Z_j2 + b^n 2}.\right)par \stopformula</texcode> which produces <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]A The famous result (once more complicated equation:) is given by \placeformula\startformulamath{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}c^2 = a^2 \over x+b^2} = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&.\ldots&a_{1n}\crpar a_{21}&a_{22}&The famous result (once more) is given by \ldots&a_mathematics{2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{jc^2 =1}a^\infty z2 + b^j \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j2}.}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula
</context>
[http://www=== Note to Plain TeX Users ===ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] So, if you can try have any old document written in plain TeX, it "live" (will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you must go to [http://wwwwill get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt.pragma-adeFor inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt.com/exalogin login] first). [[MathAlignment]] However, display math is covered on a separate pagesignificantly different. ==Sub-Formula Numbering== As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the '''Do not use <cmdcode>placeformula</cmd> command$$ .... This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula$$</cmdcode> command have an optional argument which can be used ''' to produce sub-formula numberingwrite display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. For example: <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Examples:\placeformulaInstead use {{acmd|startformula}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2and <tt>\stopformula</texcodett></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula
\placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula<See [[Math/context></td></tr></table>Display]] for more details on how to use display math in ConTeXt.
What's going on here === Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ===ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is simpler than it might appear at first glancedifferent. Both <cmd>placeformula<See this [http:/cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags)LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice== Math symbols ==* [[Math/basic | How to input math]] (binary relations, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there are many cases where this is insufficientgreek letters, subscripts and <cmd>placeformula<superscripts)* Accents* [[Math/cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber<stackers | underbrace]], [[Math/cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber<stackers | overbrace]]* [[Math/cmd> commandsfractions | Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numberingcontinued fractions. These]]* Delimiters (big, when used within a formulabigg, simply return the formula number in properly formatted formleft, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno<middle, right)* Integrals and Sums* ([[Math/cmd>functions|Log like]]) functions* dots* [[Multiline_equations#Cases|Cases]], matrices, bordermatrix* Arrows (see [http://dl.contextgarden. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula<net/myway/cmd>matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])* [[Vectors]]* [[Product integral]]
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valignDisplay Math ="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>* [[Math/Display | Formula, formula number]]More examples* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/mathalign.pdf Using \placeformula{c}mathalign and friends])\startformula* [[Equation alignment]]\let\doplaceformulanumber\empty* [[Matrix in maths]]c^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}* [[Math spacing]]\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout* Discussion: [[scale=0.8,width=8cmUser_talk:Zenlima | summary of formula numbering problems]]More examples(comment:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>unverified)
In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let</cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formula. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines</cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno</cmd> to do this automatically.
For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel Others:* [[math calligraphic]]* Use [[mathstackers]] in order to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated define new math commands in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within some characters are stacked over another one formula.* [[\startcases]]
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valignPlotting="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence.* Data plotting with [[MPgraph|module graph]]
----
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valignMath Fonts="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
-- 23:46, 15 Aug 2005 (CEST) Prinse Wang''See [[Math fonts]]'' for the main article about this subject.
== Other Methods ==
* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]].And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Multiline equations]]
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
* And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
==Science==
* Esp. for physics there’s the [[unitsUnits]] module.
* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemML.
* [[Chemistry]]
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, {{cmd|digits}}, with its own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==
(i.e. ''doing'' math)
* See also [[Expressions]].
= Other =
* [https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2008/talks/2008-08-24-aditya-display-math/presentation.pdf Aditya Mahajan 2008 presentation]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuRa4cnXK-I TUG 2022 — Mikael P. Sundqvist — Pushing math forward with luametatex and ConTeXt]
** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-2/tb134hagen-math.pdf first article (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)]
** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-3/tb135hagen-mathchange.pdf second article (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)]
[[Category:Math]]