< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] | [[Math_structures]]> == Introduction ==
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
For typesetting There are '''two''' kinds of mathematics follows different rules than that of normal text, TeX uses something called "'''math mode" where some characters get a different meaning to enable a simple syntax for complicated formulas. ==Simple Math== Typesetting mathematics can be divided into two parts, modes''' --- '''inlinemath and display math''' . Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math (; while mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part expressions that break the flow of the text(such as formulas or equations) and '''are called display''' math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline math consists TeX takes care of maths that is typed in a sentenceproper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs. For example <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions,width=13cm]Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the first trignometric results</context>complicated expression.
There are two ways of typing inline math. The TeX way is to surround what you want to type within <code>$</code>...<code>$</code>. Thus, the above will be typed as<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of the first trignometric results</texcode> ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same result. Instead of dollars, you can write the material for maths inside <cmd>mathematics</cmd>. Thus, an alternate way to type the above is,<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric results</texcode> Choose the method that suits your style.((I do not know if there are pros and cons basics of $..$ vs \mathematics{}. If someone knows, then please elaborate -- aditya )) Display typesetting math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair. Thus <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) ConTeXt is given by\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2explained here.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]The famous result (once more) is given by\startformulac^2 Display math mode == a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
== Numbering Formulae ==Type {{cmd|startformula}} to get display math mode, or {{cmd|dm}} to get a inline typesetting but keeping display sizing and rules.
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</cmd> before <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will get numbered equations. Thus,<table width="100%" colscontext source="2yes"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.
=== Changing format of numbers ===
You can use <cmd>setupformulas</cmd> to change the format of numbers. For example to get bold numbers inside square brackets use
<table>
<tr><td>
<texcode>
\setupformulas[left={[},right={]}]
</texcode>
</td>
<td>which gives
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
\setupformulas[left={[},right={]},numberstyle=bold]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
== Not so Simple Maths ==
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.) For instance:
<texcode>
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</texcode>
which produces
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</context>
Context provides a wrapper around tex <cmd>pmatrix</cmd>. The above can be typeset in a contextish way as
<texcode>
A more complicated equation:
\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \startpmatrix
\NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR
\NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR
\NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR
\NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR
\stoppmatrix
\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</texcode>
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
A more complicated equation:
\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \startpmatrix
\NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR
\NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR
\NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR
\NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR
\stoppmatrix
\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</context>
[http://www.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] you can try it "live" (you must go to [http://www.pragma-ade.com/exalogin login] first).
[[MathAlignment]] is covered on a separate page.
==Sub-Formula Numbering==
As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example:
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
Examples:
\placeformula{a}
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
\stopformula
\placesubformuladm{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
What's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance. Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags).== Inline math mode ==
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there There are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> four equivalent commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. Theseget inline math mode: {{cmd|$}}, when used within a formula{{cmd|m}}, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form{{cmd|math}}, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <{{cmd>eqno</cmd>. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>|mathematics}} to get display inline math mode.
<table width="100%" colscontext source="2yes"><tr valign\framed[align="top"><td widthnormal,frame="50off]{%"><texcode>More examples:\placeformula{The famous result (once more) is given by $ c}^2 = a^2 + b^2 $.\startformulapar % TeX style.The famous result (once more) is given by \let\doplaceformulanumber\emptym{c^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>.\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples:par The famous result (once more) is given by \placeformulamath{c^2 = a^2 + b^2}.\startformulapar The famous result (once more) is given by \let\doplaceformulanumber\emptymathematics{c^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula.}
</context>
</td></tr></table>
In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let</cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formula. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines</cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno</cmd> to do this automatically.
For more control over sub-formula numbering, examples<cmdcode>formulanumber$x$</cmdcode> and gives <cmdcontext>subformulanumber\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$x$</cmdcontext> have an optional argument parallel to that of , while<cmdcode>placeformula$2$</cmdcode>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's gives <cmdcontext>eqalignno\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$2$</cmdcontext>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula.Notice that the ''x'' is in italic while the ''2'' is upright. This is the usual mathematic convention.
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8Formula, formulae,width=8cm]Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &equations = e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
Note that both <cmd>formulanumber<* '''[[Math/cmd> Display | Math display]]'''** numbering** referencing** sub-formulae** list of Formulae** formating* '''[[Math/Multiline_equations | Multiline equations]]'''** alignment** number of columns** equation numbering and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formulasub-numbering (very similar to above)** formating, specifying and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure<defining alignment** cases* '''[[Math/cmd> Matrices| Matrices]]'''** definition** delimiters** block matrices and <cmd>formulanumber<vertical/cmd>, the latter takes precedence.horizontal lines** border matrices
<table width="100%" colsTypesetting Math ="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples for left-located equation no.:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
* '''[[Math/basic | Math glyphs]]'''** Binary Operators Relations** Sums, products and integrals. A specific page is for [[Product integral]]** Greek Letters** Subscript and superscript** List of all math macros* '''[[Math/functions]]''' (typesetting of usual functions, and defining new ones)* '''[[Math/Vectors]]'''* '''[[Math/stackers]]'''** how to stack some characters over another one (and accent)** underbrace and overbrace* '''[[Math/Fonts]]''' ** [[math calligraphic]] seems to be old content* '''[[Math/fractions | Math/Fractions and binomials]]'''* '''[[Math/Delimiters]]'''* '''Formatting numbers with {{cmd|digits}}''', and its manual <i>[http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/magazines/mag- 230003.pdf Pasting digits together (2003)]</i>. Don't forget the [http:46, 15 Aug 2005 //www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/units-mkiv.pdf Units manual (CEST2020) Prinse Wang==List of Formulas==]
You can have a list of the formulas contained in a document by using <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> instead of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>. Only the formulas written with <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> are not put in the list, so that you can control precisely the content of the list.= Plotting =
<cmd>placenamedformula<* [http:/cmd> takes as first parameter the name of the formula put in the list/www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf LuaMetafun manual] (2021)** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=30 Contours]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=41 Surfaces]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=44 Meshes]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=48 Functions]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun. pdf#page=54 Charts]* [https://akela.mendelu.cz/~thala/statcharts/ The other <cmd>placeformula<New (2020) graph module]** with its dedicated [https:/cmd> features are still available/akela. The list can be formatted like any other listmendelu.cz/~thala/statcharts/statistical-charts.pdf manual "Drawing Statistical Charts"]** and a [https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2020/talks/2020-09-11-tamara-and-adriana-statistical-charts/AK-TK_charts.pdf short presentation]* Data plotting with [[MPgraph|module graph]].* Some alternatives:** [[TikZ]] (2016)** [[Gnuplot]] (2012)** [[Pgfplot]] (2009).
Example:<texcode>\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternativeKey links =c] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf
\placeformula
\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf
\placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}* '''[http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/math-mkiv.pdf <i>Math rendering</i>] manual (2018)'''* '''from Mikael P. Sundqvist'''** 2022 — TUG — <i>Pushing math forward with luametatex and ConTeXt</i>\startformula a *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= WuRa4cnXK-I video] *** [https://tug.org/tug2022/assets/served/Mikael_P._Sundqvist-TUG2022-sundqvist-lmtx-math-slides.pdf slides]*** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-2/tb134hagen-math.pdf article] (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-3 /tb135hagen-mathchange.pdf 2022 — TUG — <i>New directions in math fonts</i> (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)] .* '''from Aditya Mahajan'''** [https://wiki.contextgarden.net/images/archive/b/b4/20100530075041!Mathalign.pdf 2010 - <i>Using \stopformula \endgrafstartalign and friends</i>] (My Way article)** [https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2008/talks/2008-08-24-aditya-display-math/presentation.pdf 2008 - <i>Display Math in Formula - Where is it and where can it go</i>] (presentation)** [https://www.ntg.nl/maps/34/06.pdf 2006 - <i>Display Math in ConTeXt</texcodei>, MAPS <b>34</b>, 22–34.], ConTEXt rehab for amsmath addicts (article)
Gives:= Notes =
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelistSee also [formula][criterium=text,alternative=cExpressions] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf(i.e. ''doing'' math).
\placeformula== Note to Plain TeX Users ==\ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. '''Do not use <code>$$ .... $$</code>''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use {{cmd|startformula a = 2 }} and <tt>\stopformula \endgraf</tt>.
\placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf= Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ==<ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is different. See this [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context>-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
== Other Methods ==
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]]. And there's a [[Math with newmat|new mathmodule]] module in the distribution.* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Math_structures]]
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
==ScienceTo do ==* Esp. for physics there’s the [[units]] module.dots* Additions to Arrows (see [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemMLhttp://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/matharrows.* [[Chemistry]pdf Math Arrows]) broken link* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry{{todo|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).}}
[[Category:Math]]