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< [[Fonts]] {{todo| [[Encodings and Regimes]] >Please add fonts that contain polytonic Greek to the last section!}}

= Introduction = Historically, the development of Greek language can be divided in: * Ancient and Medieval Greek (–1453): language identifier is <code>grc</code>.* Modern Greek (1453–): language identifiers are <code>ell</code>, <code>ell</code> or <code>gre</code> This is different from the main two ways of writing Greek: * Monotonic (or single–accented): diacritical marks are only the acute accent (or simply the accent) and the diairesis.* Polytonic (or multiple–accented): diacritical marks are three accents (acute, grave and circumflex) and two breathings (rough and smooth). After a long development,<ref>For historical background, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language_question. This reference contains the recommendation for the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Sprachfrage article from the German ''Wikipedia''].</ref> monotonic orthography became law in 1982.<ref>See Law 1228/1982 and Decree 297/1982. Both legatl texts were written with polytonic orthography, but they contain the provisions for the monotonic system.</ref> Greek was polytonic before and ancient Greek is polytonic because it was before 1982.<ref>Just in case you may wonder, this is independent from the popular (δημοτική) v. purified (καθαρέυουσα) dispute for Greek language. See Law 309/1976. The legal text was written in the purified Greek, but it ordered the popular Greek to be the official language.</ref> This means that polytonic Greek is not only ancient Greek, since the main part of modern Greek was polytonic. =Sample= Here is a minimal sample to start with: <context source="yes">\setuplanguage[en][patterns={en, agr}]\definefallbackfamily [mainface] [rm] [Gentium] [preset=range:greek, force=yes] \definefontfamily [mainface] [rm] [TeX Gyre Pagella] \definebodyfontenvironment[24pt] \setupbodyfont[mainface, 24pt] \starttext\startTEXpage[pagestate=start, offset=1em, width=15em, align=middle]«χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά» is Greek for “beauty is hard”\stopTEXpage\stoptext</context> {{cmd|definebodyfontenvironment|[24pt]}} is only required to display the font in the wiki. You may not pay attention to it. As it happens with texts with mixed scripts, the font family used for the Latin script may be well missing the required glyphs for the Greek script. {{cmd|definefallbackfamily}} provides a fallback typeface for certain scripts (or even characters). * It requires a range of characters for the fallback (here as a preset, that equals to <code>range:greek</code><ref>It may look tricky, but the whole preset is <code>range:greek</code>, so the whole option reads <code>preset=range:greek</code> (<code>preset</code> is the key name and <code>range:greek</code> is one of its values).</ref>).* <code>force=yes</code> would be required to avoid mixing some glyphs that the main typeface might have (such as <code>μ</code>, <code>ν</code> or <code>π</code> in Greek) and the rest of the glyphs from the fallback font.<ref>To give an idea of the poor impression this makes:<context source="yes">\setuplanguage[en][patterns={en, agr}]\definefallbackfamily [mainface] [rm] [Gentium] [My Waypreset=range:greek] \definefontfamily [mainface] [httprm] [TeX Gyre Pagella] \definebodyfontenvironment[24pt] \setupbodyfont[mainface, 24pt] \starttext\startTEXpage[pagestate=start, offset=1em, width=15em, align=middle]«χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά» is Greek for “beauty is hard”\stopTEXpage\stoptext</context></ref> ===Mixed Hyphenation Patterns=== As you might have already noticed, {{cmd|setuplanguage}} is loading for US English (the default language in TeX) patterns for both US English and ancient Greek. There are some considerations in how this works: # Basically, each language has a different script, so mixing patterns has no problem. Each script is handled only by a set of hyphenation patterns.# Other hyphenation patterns might be added (as <code>uk</code> for Ukranian)<ref>Hyphenation patterns for British English are <code>gb</code>.</ref>, since Cyrillic is a different script from Latin and Greek (and it is only used to hyphenate a single language).# This avoids marking the Greek fragments in the text with its proper language.# This doesn’t work when having mixed ancient Greek and contemporary Greek fragments (because two different hyphenation patterns would be needed for the same script).# All other options determined by {{cmd|setuplanguage}} will be the ones from the main language, not the ones for Greek (in this case. Among others, these affect to the minimum number of characters to hyphenate a word (at the end of the line and at the beginning of the new line).# This approach only applies proper hyphenation patterns to Greek. In order to have all other options related to the language, marking with {{cmd|agr}} (or {{cmd|gr}} in the case of contemporary Greek) is required. With this sample in mind, there are other considerations that may help when dealing with Greek in computers (and with ConTeXt).  =Unicode= Monotonic Greek needs the characters from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_and_Coptic “Greek and Coptic” Unicode block] (only the Greek part of it, not the Coptic part). Polytonic Greek also needs the characters from the [https://dlen.contextgardenwikipedia.netorg/mywaywiki/GreekInContextGreek_Extended “Greek Extended” Unicode block]. All you need is to choose the proper font that contains the characters you require.pdf  Just in case you wonder, there are much more fonts that contain glyphs for monotonic Greek that for polytonic Greek. ==Monotonic and Acute Accent== Although the monotonic accent was acute, Unicode defines a pair of characters for monotonic accented vowels and polytonic acute accented vowels (both uppercase and lowercase and with diairesis). These are the different characters in lowercase: <pre>ά έ ή ί ΐ ό ύ ΰ ώά έ ή ί ΐ ό ύ ΰ ώ</pre> In theory, both characters should have the same glyphs (they should be exactly the same strokes). In practice, this is not always the case, since the monotonic accent has been drawn as (almost) a vertical stroke. The acute accent should mirror the grave accent (it is mainly its horizontal flip). Although acute accented vowels in polytonic Greek could be taken from the Greek and Coptic Unicode block, acute–accented vowels from the polytonic block may be required (because of the mismatch between the monotonic accent and the grave accent). The following source displays the differences for each character with both accents (uppercase and lowercase characters):<ref>Of course, you should replace <code>Minion Pro</code> with the name of the font you want to test.</ref> <context source="yes">\definefontfamily[mainface][rm][EBGaramond]\setupbodyfont[mainface, 60pt]\definecolor [tred] [r=1,t=.5,a=1]\definecolor [tblue] [b=1,t=.25,a=1]\unexpanded\def\tonosoxia[#1][#2] {\dontleavehmode \startoverlay {\color[tred]{#1}} {\color[tblue]{#2}} \stopoverlay \ }\starttext\startTEXpage[width=7.5em, align=center, offset=1ex]\tonosoxia[Ά][\utfchar{0x1fbb}]\tonosoxia[Έ][\utfchar{0x1fc9}]\tonosoxia[Ή][\utfchar{0x1fcb}]\tonosoxia[Ί][\utfchar{0x1fdb}]\tonosoxia[Ό][\utfchar{0x1ff9}]\tonosoxia[Ύ][\utfchar{0x1feb}]\tonosoxia[Ώ][\utfchar{0x1ffb}]\tonosoxia[ά][\utfchar{0x1f71}]\tonosoxia[έ][\utfchar{0x1f73}]\tonosoxia[ή][\utfchar{0x1f75}]\tonosoxia[ί][\utfchar{0x1f77}]\tonosoxia[ΐ][\utfchar{0x1fd3}]\tonosoxia[ό][\utfchar{0x1f79}]\tonosoxia[ύ][\utfchar{0x1f7b}]\tonosoxia[ΰ][\utfchar{0x1fe3}]\tonosoxia[ώ][\utfchar{0x1f7d}]\stopTEXpage\stoptext</context> Depending on your operative system and your keyboard layout for polytonic Greek , it might be that it composes the acute with the monotonic accent (as it seems to happen in Proper ''Linux''). A workaround to avoid this would be the following:<!--<ref>Although the ConTeXtdistribution seems to include the ''EB Garamond'' font family, it is probably not included in the wiki.</ref>--> <context source="yes">\startluacodefonts.handlers.otf.addfeature { name = "tonosoxia", type = "substitution", data = { Alphatonos = utf.char(0x1fbb), Epsilontonos = utf.char(0x1fc9), Etatonos = utf.char(0x1fcb), Iotatonos = utf.char(0x1fdb), Omicrontonos = utf.char(0x1ff9), Omegatonos = utf.char(0x1ffb), Upsilontonos = utf.char(0x1feb), alphatonos = utf.char(0x1f71), epsilontonos = utf.char(0x1f73), etatonos = utf.char(0x1f75), iotatonos = utf.char(0x1f77), iotadieresistonos = utf.char(0x1fd3), omicrontonos = utf.char(0x1f79), omegatonos = utf.char(0x1f7d), upsilontonos = utf.char(0x1f7b), upsilondieresistonos = utf.char(0x1fe3), }, }\stopluacode \definefontfeature[tonosoxia][tonosoxia=yes] \definefontfamily [mainface] [rm] [EBGaramond] [features={default, tonosoxia}] \setupbodyfont[mainface, 48pt] \startTEXpage[offset=1em]χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά\\\feature[-] by Thomas [tonosoxia]χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά\\\stopTEXpage</context> The sample above should display the difference between the more straight monotonic accent on the second line, and the proper acute accent. ==On “Character Normalization”== Depending on your search, it might be that searching for <code>u</code>, results might include <code>ú</code> <code>ů</code>, <code>ü</code> or any character composed from <code>u</code> and any diacritical mark. Depending on the language, these “normalizations” may belong to the same letter or not (for example, <code>u</code> and <code>ü</code> are the same letter in Spanish, but two different ones in German). This doesn’t only affects to letters: <code>,</code> and <code>‚</code> are the characters for the comma and the opening single–quotation mark (used in some languages, such as German), respectively. At least, ''Firefox'' only displays the occurrences for each character when the option to match diacritics is selected (otherwise, each character displays both occurrences for commas and these opening single–quotation marks). At least in ''Linux'' (using ''Firefox''), the option to match diacritics doesn’t distinguish between monotonic and acute accented vowels. In other operative systems and using other programs, results might differ. The wiki itself seems to suffer from this “normalization” and this is why samples do not work here (and cannot be copied to work locally). A workaround would be to use {{cmd|utfchar}} (such as in the first case of {{code|\tonosoxia}}).<ref>Lua code would require {{code|utf.char}} (as contained in its code sample).</ref> =Ancient Greek= {{cmd|agr}} or {{cmd|ancientgreek}} are the values for ancient Greek hyphenation patterns. A minimal sample would read: <context source="yes">\mainlanguage[agr]\setupbodyfont[dejavu]\startTEXpage[offset=3em]\input aristotle-grc\stopTEXpage</context> =Monotonic Greek= Either as {{cmd|mainlanguage}} or {{cmd|language}}, right values are <code>gr</code> or <code>greek</code>. Aminimal sample would read: <context source="yes">\mainlanguage[gr]\setupbodyfont[dejavu]\startTEXpage[offset=3em]Κάθε άνθρωπος δικαιούται να επικαλείται όλα τα δικαιώματα και όλες τις ελευθερίες που προκηρύσσει η παρούσα Διακήρυξη, χωρίς καμία απολύτως διάκριση, ειδικότερα ως προς τη φυλή, το χρώμα, το φύλο, τη γλώσσα, τις θρησκείες, τις πολιτικές ή οποιεσδήποτε άλλες πεποιθήσεις, την εθνική ή κοινωνική καταγωγή, την περιουσία, τη γέννηση ή οποιαδήποτε άλλη κατάσταση. Δεν θα μπορεί ακόμα να γίνεται καμία διάκριση εξαιτίας του πολιτικού, νομικού ή διεθνούς καθεστώτος της χώρας από την οποία προέρχεται κανείς, είτε πρόκειται για χώρα ή εδαφική περιοχή ανεξάρτητη, υπό κηδεμονία ή υπεξουσία, ή που βρίσκεται υπό οποιονδήποτε άλλον περιορισμό κυριαρχίας.\stopTEXpage</context> =Modern Polytonic Greek?= Before 1982, Greek orthography was mainly polytonic. In fact, modern<ref>As historical term, modern refers to the period that begins after the Middle Ages.</ref> Greek orthography was mainly polytonic. Schmitz Hyphenation rules for polytonic Greek differ from both ancient or monotonic Greek. TeX has hyphenation patterns for [http://mirror.ctan.org/language/hyph-utf8/tex/generic/hyph-utf8/patterns/tex/hyph-grc.tex ancient Greek], [http://mirror.ctan.org/language/hyph-utf8/tex/generic/hyph-utf8/patterns/tex/hyph-el-monoton.tex monotonic Greek] and [http://mirror.ctan.org/language/hyph-utf8/tex/generic/hyph-utf8/patterns/tex/hyph-el-polyton.tex modern polytonic Greek]. ConTeXt has patterns for ancient and monotonic Greek only. =Language–Dependent Commands= As of current latest (2023.01.15 14:04), language–dependent commands—such as {{cmd|currentdate}}—don’t work. Nobody seemed to need them—especially for current Greek. If you need them, please send a message to the mailing list to extend this. =Fonts= Since fonts with polytonic Greek also contain monotonic glyphs and fonts with polytonich glyphs are much more scarce, here are some fonts that contain polytonic Greek: * [https://greekfontsociety-gfs.gr/typefaces The Greek Font Society] publishes many high–quality Greek typefaces.* [https://github.com/notofonts/noto-fonts Noto Fonts] include extended Greek for Noto Serif, Noto Serif Display, Noto Sans and Noto Sans Mono.* [https://github.com/adobe-fonts/source-sans/releases/latest Source Sans 3] includes polytonic Greek. =Footnotes= [[Category:Old_Content]][[Category:Languages]]