Changes

Jump to navigation Jump to search
10,924 bytes removed ,  17:47, 28 May 2020
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
For typesetting There are '''two''' kinds of mathematics follows different rules than '''math modes''' --- '''inline math and display math'''. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of normal the text, TeX uses something (such as formulas or equations) are called "display math mode" where some characters . TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get a different meaning to enable a simple syntax for the complicated formulasexpression.
==Simple Math==The basics of typesetting math in ConTeXt is explained here.
Typesetting mathematics can be divided into two parts, '''inline''' === Display math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part of the text) and '''display''' math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline math consists of maths that is typed in a sentence. For examplemode ===Type
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trigonometric results
</context>
 
There are two ways of typing inline math. The TeX way is to surround what you want to type within <code>$</code>...<code>$</code>. Thus, the above will be typed as
<texcode>
Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of the first trigonometric results
</texcode>
 
ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same result. Instead of dollars, you can write the material for maths inside <cmd>mathematics</cmd> or <cmd>math</cmd> (which is shorter). Thus, an alternate way to type the above is,
<texcode>
Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trigonometric results
</texcode>
 
Choose the method that suits your style.
 
Display math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair. Thus
 
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
The famous result (once more) is given by
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
 
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
 
== Numbering Formulae ==
 
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</cmd> before <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will get numbered equations. Thus,
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
 
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
 
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.
 
=== Changing format of numbers ===
You can use <cmd>setupformulas</cmd> to change the format of numbers. For example to get bold numbers inside square brackets use
 
<table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
\setupformulas[left={[},right={]},numberstyle=bold]startformula ... \stopformula
</texcode>
</td>
<td>which givesto get display math mode.
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]\setupformulas[left={[},rightInline math mode ={]},numberstyle=bold]The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>There are four equivalent commands to get inline math mode:
To get alphabets instead of numbers, use
<table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
$ ... $ % TeX style.\setupformulas[conversion=Character]m{ ... } \math{ ... } \mathematics{ ... }
</texcode>
</td>
<td>which gives
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
\setupformulas[conversion=Character]
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
=== Referencing formulae Note to Plain TeX Users ===Equations can be referred to ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by simply adding a label to pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. '''Do not use <cmdcode>placeformula$$ .... $$</cmd> and using <cmd>ref</cmdcode> ''' to create write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the reference:formulas. Instead use
<table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
The famous result (and again) is given by\placeformula[formulalabel]\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2... \stopformulaAnd now we can refer to formula \ref[formulalabel].
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>\setuplayoutSee [scale=0.8,width=8cm[Math/Display]]The famous result (once for more) is given by\placeformula[formulalabel]\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula% number is added manually because otherwise only '??' appears:And now we can refer details on how to formula 1use display math in ConTeXt.</context></td></tr></table>
By default, only the formula number appears as a reference. This can be changed by using <cmd>definereferenceformat</cmd>. For example, === Note to create a command <code>\eqref<AMSTeX/code> which shows LaTeX Users ===ConTeXt offers almost all the formula number features that are present in bracketsAMSTeX and LaTeX. However, use<texcode>\definereferenceformatConTeXt syntax is different. See this [eqrefhttp://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context-latex-math.pdf My Way][left=(,right=)]</texcode>See for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[ReferencesLaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] for more examples of <cmd>definereferenceformat</cmd>gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
== Not so Simple Maths The details ==
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX=== Math symbols ===* [[Math/basic | How to input math]] (binary relations, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macrosgreek letters, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.subscripts and superscripts) For instance:<texcode>* AccentsA more complicated equation:* [[Math/stackers | underbrace]], [[Math/stackers | overbrace]]\placeformula* [[Math/fractions | Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, continued fractions.]]\startformula* Delimiters (big, bigg, left, middle, right){{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}* Integrals and Sums = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr* ([[Math/functions|Log like]]) functions a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr* dots \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr* [[Multiline_equations#Cases|Cases]], matrices, bordermatrix a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j \left* Arrows ( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \rightsee [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])\stopformula* [[Vectors]]</texcode>* [[Product integral]]
which produces=== Display Math ===* [[Math/Display | Formula, formula number]]* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/mathalign.pdf Using \mathalign and friends])* Math sub-alignment* [[Math spacing]]* Discussion: [[User_talk:Zenlima | summary of formula numbering problems]] (comment: unverified)
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</context>
Context provides a wrapper around tex <cmd>pmatrix</cmd>. The above can be typeset in a contextish way as<texcode>A more complicated equationOthers:\definemathmatrix* [[pmatrixmath calligraphic][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</texcode><context>\setuplayout* Use [[scale=0.8,width=13cmmathstackers]] in order to define new math commands in which some characters are stacked over another oneA more complicated equation:\definemathmatrix* [pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}startcases]]\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</context>
[http://www.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] you can try it "live" (you must go to [http://www.pragma-ade.com/exalogin login] first).==Math Fonts==
''See [[Equation alignmentMath fonts]] is covered on a separate page. ==Sub-Formula Numbering== As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example: <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> What's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance. Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags). This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno</cmd>. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let</cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formula. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines</cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno</cmd> to do main article about this automaticallysubjectFor more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr c &= \left(a^2 + b^2\right)^{\vfrac{1}{2}} &\subformulanumber{b}\cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{c} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr c &= \left(a^2 + b^2\right)^{\vfrac{1}{2}} &\subformulanumber{b}\cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{c} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples for left-located equation no.:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> -- 23:46, 15 Aug 2005 (CEST) Prinse Wang If you want named subformula with a reference see the solution proposed by Aditya Mahajan on the mailing-list [http://archive.contextgarden.net/message/20061029.063821.ba521b6c.en.html] (2006-10-29). This feature should be added to the core eventually. ==List of Formulas== You can have a list of the formulas contained in a document by using <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> instead of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>. Only the formulas written with <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> are not put in the list, so that you can control precisely the content of the list. <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> takes as first parameter the name of the formula put in the list. The other <cmd>placeformula</cmd> features are still available. The list can be formatted like any other list. Example:<texcode>\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf \placeformula\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf \placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf</texcode> Gives: <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf \placeformula\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf \placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf</context>
== Other Methods ==
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
 
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
 
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
* [[rsfs]] Using Ralph Smith's Formal Script
* [[Product integral]] symbol
==Science==
* Esp. for physics there’s the [[unitsUnits]] module.
* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemML.
* [[Chemistry]]
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
 
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, with its own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
 
==Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==
(i.e. ''doing'' math)
* See also [[Expressions]].
[[Category:Math]]

Navigation menu