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Here are instructions grouped according to the version of Ubuntu you are running.

Maverick (10.10) with Ubuntu packages

TeX Live and ConTeXt have been part of Ubuntu's main repositories since Ubuntu 7.10, so you can simply

 apt-get install context

to install ConTeXt and its dependencies.

The dependencies pull in various PDF utilities which you will probably find useful, including pdfcrop.

If you would like to use the TeXworks GUI-based TeX editing environment usually included with TeX Live CDs, it is available via

 apt-get install texworks

and will appear under Applications, Science & Math.

See also:

Note that Ubuntu's packaged version of ConTeXt is quite old (circa 2009), so a better option for advanced users is...

Maverick (10.10) with ConTeXt Minimals

Example of setting up [ConTeXt Minimals]:

 $ sudo mkdir /usr/local/context
 $ sudo chown yourusername /usr/local/context
 $ cd /usr/local/context
 $ wget http://minimals.contextgarden.net/setup/first-setup.sh
 $ sh first-setup.sh
 $ vi ~/.bashrc

Add:

 export OSFONTDIR=~/.fonts:/usr/share/fonts                                                      
 export TEXROOT=/usr/local/context/tex                                         
 export PATH=/usr/local/context/tex/texmf-linux/bin:/usr/local/context/bin:$PATH

Note that the order of items in the PATH is significant. If you put /usr/local/context/bin in the path first, you will get an error at run time.

Also, remember that you have to source ~/.bashrc after changing it, in order to have the changes take effect in your current shell. (Either that, or start a new shell.)

Gutsy (7.10)

Gutsy will be released in October 2007. Its repositories, which came from Debian unstable just after feisty (7.04) was released, already have the texlive 2007 and recent ConTeXt packages. So you could use them now (if you are brave).

Edgy (6.10) and Feisty (7.04)

Unfortunately, you cannot use the repository given in Debian installation because the Debian packages were compiled with a (very very slightly) newer libc6 than the one that comes with Ubuntu 7.04. Here instead are slightly tested packages backported for Ubuntu 6.10 (edgy); they also work on my Feisty (7.04) laptop. To use them put these two lines in your /etc/apt/sources.list:

  deb     http://web.mit.edu/download/sanjoy/texlive-backports/ edgy/
  deb-src http://web.mit.edu/download/sanjoy/texlive-backports/ edgy/

Then you can install the texlive 2007 and recent context packages. See the Debian installation instructions for the details, but here is the quickstart:

 apt-get update
 apt-get install cm-super texlive-fonts-recommended context context-nonfree context-doc-nonfree

That command also installs the needed texlive packages for pdftex, metapost, lmodern etc. The cm-super package is in the universe repository so you'll need that enabled in your sources.list. You should not need to chase down the old teTeX 3.0 packages, which will be removed automatically by the above installation line. To test whether the basics of ConTeXt are working after the upgrade, try:

 ctxtools --contextversion

Let me (Sanjoy) know if you find anything broken.