< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] | [[Math_structures]]> == Introduction ==
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
For typesetting of mathematics follows different rules than that of normal text, TeX uses something called "math mode" where some characters get a different meaning to enable a simple syntax for complicated formulas. ==Simple Math== Typesetting mathematics can be divided into There are '''two parts, '''inlinekinds of ''' math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part of the text) and modes''' --- '''inline math and displaymath''' math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often . Mathematical expressions that are written with equation numbers). Inline the running text are called inline math consists of maths ; while mathematical expressions that is typed in a sentence. For example <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one break the flow of the first trignometric results</context> There text (such as formulas or equations) are two ways of typing inline called display math. The TeX way is takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to surround what you want to type within <code>$</code>typeset most mathematical constructs...<code>$</code>. Thus, the above will Complicated expressions can be typed as<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of built by working in steps---break down the first trignometric results</texcode> ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same result. Instead of dollarsexpression into sub-expressions, you can write build the material for maths inside <cmd>mathematics</cmd>. Thus, an alternate way sub-expressions and then combine them to type get the above is,<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric results</texcode>complicated expression.
Choose the method that suits your style.((I do not know if there are pros and cons The basics of $..$ vs \mathematics{}typesetting math in ConTeXt is explained here. If someone knows, then please elaborate -- aditya ))
== Display math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair. Thus mode ==
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) is given by\Type {{cmd|startformulac^2 = }} to get display math mode, or {{cmd|dm}} to get a^2 + b^2inline typesetting but keeping display sizing and rules.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following:
<contextsource="yes">\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
== Numbering Formulae ==
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</cmd> before <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will get numbered equations. Thus,
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.
=== Changing format of numbers ===
You can use <cmd>setupformulas</cmd> to change the format of numbers. For example to get bold numbers inside square brackets use
<table>
<tr><td>
<texcode>
\setupformulas[left={[},right={]},numberstyle=bold]
</texcode>
</td>
<td>which gives
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
\setupformulas[left={[},right={]},numberstyle=bold]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
To get alphabets instead of numbers, use
<table>
<tr><td>
<texcode>
\setupformulas[conversion=Character]
</texcode>
</td>
<td>which gives
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
\setupformulas[conversion=Character]
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
== Not so Simple Maths ==
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.) For instance:
<texcode>
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</texcode>
which produces
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</context>
Context provides a wrapper around tex <cmd>pmatrix</cmd>. The above can be typeset in a contextish way as<texcode>A more complicated equation:\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]\placeformula\startformuladm{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}c^2 \over x+2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</texcode><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]A more complicated equation:\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}a^2 \over x+b^2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula
</context>
[http://www.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] you can try it "live" (you must go to [http://www.pragma-ade.com/exalogin login] first). [[MathAlignment]] is covered on a separate page. ==Sub-Formula NumberingInline math mode == As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example:
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>ExamplesThere are four equivalent commands to get inline math mode:\placeformula{a{cmd|$}}, {{cmd|m}}, {{cmd|math}}, {{cmd|mathematics}}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformulato get display inline math mode.
<context source="yes">\placesubformulaframed[align=normal,frame=off]{b}\startformula%The famous result (once more) is given by $ c^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>$.\setuplayout[scale=0par % TeX style.8,width=8cm]Examples:The famous result (once more) is given by \placeformulam{c^2 = a^2 + b^2}.\par The famous result (once more) is given by \startformulamath{c^2 = a^2 + b^2}.\stopformulapar The famous result (once more) is given by \placesubformulamathematics{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula}.}
</context>
</td></tr></table>
What's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance. Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags).
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and For examples<cmdcode>placeformula$x$</cmdcode> defines gives <cmdcontext>formulanumber\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$x$</cmdcontext> and , while<cmdcode>subformulanumber$2$</cmdcode> commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's gives <cmdcontext>eqno\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$2$</cmdcontext>. Note Notice that the optional tag ''x'' is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>in italic while the ''2'' is upright. This is the usual mathematic convention.
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8Formula, formulae,width=8cm]More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 equations = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>
In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt* '''s automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let<[[Math/cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber<Display | Math display]]'''** numbering** referencing** sub-formulae** list of Formulae** formating* '''[[Math/cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start Multiline_equations | Multiline equations]]'''** alignment** number of the formula. In many practical examplescolumns** equation numbering and sub-numbering (very similar to above)** formating, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines<specifying and defining alignment** cases* '''[[Math/cmd> Matrices| Matrices]]'''** definition** delimiters** block matrices and <cmd>eqalignno<vertical/cmd> to do this automatically.horizontal lines** border matrices
For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula.= Typesetting Math =
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">* '''[[Math/basic | Math glyphs]]'''<texcode>** Binary Operators RelationsYet more examples:** Sums, products and integrals. A specific page is for [[Product integral]]\placeformula** Greek Letters\startformula** Subscript and superscript\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr** List of all math macros a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr* '''[[Math/functions]]''' (typesetting of usual functions, and defining new ones) d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}* '''[[Math/Vectors]]'''\stopformula<* '''[[Math/texcode>stackers]]'''</td><td>** how to stack some characters over another one (and accent)<context>** underbrace and overbrace\setuplayout* '''[scale=0.8,width=8cm[Math/Fonts]]''' Yet more examples:** [[math calligraphic]] seems to be old content\placeformula* '''[[Math/fractions | Math/Fractions and binomials]]'''\startformula* '''[[Math/Delimiters]]'''\eqalignno* '''Formatting numbers with {c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{acmd|digits} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula''', and its manual </contexti><[http:/td></tr><www.pragma-ade.nl/table> Note that both <cmd>formulanumber<general/cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber<magazines/cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expectedmag-0003. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigurepdf Pasting digits together (2003)]</cmdi> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, . Don't forget the latter takes precedence. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number[http:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0www.8,width=8cm]More examples for leftpragma-located equation noade.:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula<nl/context><general/td><manuals/tr></table>units-mkiv.pdf Units manual (2020)]
-- 23:46, 15 Aug 2005 (CEST) Prinse Wang==List of Formulas=Plotting =
You can have * [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf LuaMetafun manual] (2021)** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=30 Contours]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=41 Surfaces]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=44 Meshes]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=48 Functions]** [http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/luametafun.pdf#page=54 Charts]* [https://akela.mendelu.cz/~thala/statcharts/ The New (2020) graph module]** with its dedicated [https://akela.mendelu.cz/~thala/statcharts/statistical-charts.pdf manual "Drawing Statistical Charts"]** and a list of the formulas contained in a document by using <cmd>placenamedformula<[https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2020/talks/cmd> instead of <cmd>placeformula<2020-09-11-tamara-and-adriana-statistical-charts/cmd>AK-TK_charts. Only the formulas written pdf short presentation]* Data plotting with <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> are not put in the list, so that you can control precisely the content of the list[[MPgraph|module graph]].* Some alternatives:** [[TikZ]] (2016)** [[Gnuplot]] (2012)** [[Pgfplot]] (2009).
<cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> takes as first parameter the name of the formula put in the list. The other <cmd>placeformula</cmd> features are still available. The list can be formatted like any other list.= Key links =
Example:
<texcode>
\subsubject{List of Formulas}
\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c]
\subsubject{Formulas}
\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}
\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf
\placeformula* '''[http://www.pragma-ade.nl/general/manuals/math-mkiv.pdf <i>Math rendering</i>] manual (2018)'''* '''from Mikael P. Sundqvist'''** 2022 — TUG — <i>Pushing math forward with luametatex and ConTeXt</i>\startformula a *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= WuRa4cnXK-I video] *** [https://tug.org/tug2022/assets/served/Mikael_P._Sundqvist-TUG2022-sundqvist-lmtx-math-slides.pdf slides]*** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-2/tb134hagen-math.pdf article] (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2)** [https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb43-3/tb135hagen-mathchange.pdf 2022 — TUG — <i>New directions in math fonts</i> (TUGboat, Volume 43 (2022), No. 2 )] .* '''from Aditya Mahajan'''** [https://wiki.contextgarden.net/images/archive/b/b4/20100530075041!Mathalign.pdf 2010 - <i>Using \stopformula \endgrafstartalign and friends</i>] (My Way article)** [https://meeting.contextgarden.net/2008/talks/2008-08-24-aditya-display-math/presentation.pdf 2008 - <i>Display Math in Formula - Where is it and where can it go</i>] (presentation)** [https://www.ntg.nl/maps/34/06.pdf 2006 - <i>Display Math in ConTeXt</i>, MAPS <b>34</b>, 22–34.], ConTEXt rehab for amsmath addicts (article)
\placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf</texcode>Notes =
Gives:==Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==See also [[Expressions]] (i.e. ''doing'' math).
== Note to Plain TeX Users ==ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. '''Do not use <contextcode>\setuplayout[scale=0$$ ....8$$</code>''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt,width=13cm]\subsubjectsince you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use {List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c] \subsubject{Formulascmd|startformula}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 and <tt>\stopformula \endgraf</tt>.
\placeformula\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf \placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgrafNote to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ==<ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is different. See this [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context>-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
== Other Methods ==
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]]. And there's a [[Math with newmat|new mathmodule]] module in the distribution.* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Math_structures]]
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
* [[rsfs]] Using Ralph Smith's Formal Script
==ScienceTo do ==* Esp. for physics there’s the [[units]] module.dots* Additions to Arrows (see [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemMLhttp://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/matharrows.* [[Chemistry]pdf Math Arrows]) broken link* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry{{todo|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).}}
[[Category:Math]]