Changes

== Introduction ==

Monotonic ortography After a long development,<ref>For historical background, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language_question. This reference contains the recommendation for the [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Sprachfrage article from the German ''Wikipedia''].</ref> monotonic orthography became law in 1982.<ref>See Law 1228/1982 and Decree 297/1982. Both legatl texts were written with polytonic ortographyorthography, but they contain the provisions for the monotonic system.</ref> Greek was polytonic before and ancient Greek is polytonic because it was before 1982.<ref>Just in case you may wonder, this is independent from the popular (δημοτική) v. purified (καθαρέυουσα) dispute for Greek language. See Law 309/1976. The legal text was written in the purified Greek, but it ordered the popular Greek to be the official language.</ref> This means that polytonic Greek is not only ancient Greek, since the main part of modern Greek was polytonic.

==Unicode==

==Monotonic and Acute Accent== Although the monotonic accent was acute, Unicode defines a pair of characters for monotonic accented vowels and polytonic acute accented vowels (both uppercase and lowercase and with diairesis). These are the different characters in lowercase: <pre>ά έ ή ί ΐ ό ύ ΰ ώά έ ή ί ΐ ό ύ ΰ ώ</pre> In theory, both characters should have the same glyphs (they should be exactly the same strokes). In practice, this is not always the case, since the monotonic accent has been drawn as (almost) a vertical stroke. The acute accent should mirror the grave accent (it is mainly its horizontal flip). Although acute accented vowels in polytonic Greek could be taken from the Greek and Coptic Unicode block, acute–accented vowels from the polytonic block may be required (because of the mismatch between the monotonic accent and the grave accent). The following source displays the differences for each character with both accents (uppercase and lowercase characters):<ref>Of course, you should replace <code>Minion Pro</code> with the name of the font you want to test.</ref> <texcode>\definefontfamily[mainface][rm][Minion Pro]\setupbodyfont[mainface]\definecolor [tred] [r=1,t=.5,a=1]\definecolor [tblue] [b=1,t=.25,a=1]\unexpanded\def\tonosoxia[#1][#2] {\startTEXpage[pagestate=start, offset=1ex] \startoverlay {\color[tred]{#1}} {\color[tblue]{#2}} \stopoverlay \stopTEXpage}\starttext\tonosoxia[Ά][Ά]\tonosoxia[Έ][Έ]\tonosoxia[Ή][Ή]\tonosoxia[Ί][Ί]\tonosoxia[Ό][Ό]\tonosoxia[Ύ][Ύ]\tonosoxia[Ώ][Ώ]\tonosoxia[ά][ά]\tonosoxia[έ][έ]\tonosoxia[ή][ή]\tonosoxia[ί][ί]\tonosoxia[ΐ][ΐ]\tonosoxia[ό][ό]\tonosoxia[ύ][ύ]\tonosoxia[ΰ][ΰ]\tonosoxia[ώ][ώ]\stoptext</texcode> Depending on your operative system and your keyboard layout for polytonic Greek, it might be that it composes the acute with the monotonic accent (as it seems to happen in ''Linux''). A workaround to avoid this would be the following:<ref>Although the ConTeXt distribution seems to include the ''EB Garamond'' font family, it is probably not included in the wiki.</ref> <context source="yes">\startluacodefonts.handlers.otf.addfeature { name = "tonosoxia", type = "substitution", data = { Alphatonos = "Ά", Epsilontonos = "Έ", Etatonos = "Ή", Iotatonos = "Ί", Omicrontonos = "Ό", Omegatonos = "Ώ", Upsilontonos = "Ύ", alphatonos = "ά", epsilontonos = "έ", etatonos = "ή", iotatonos = "ί", iotadieresistonos = "ΐ", omicrontonos = "ό", omegatonos = "ώ", upsilontonos = "ύ", upsilondieresistonos = "ΰ" }, }\stopluacode \definefontfeature[tonosoxia][tonosoxia=yes] \definefontfamily [mainface] [rm] [EB Garamond] [features={default, tonosoxia}] \setupbodyfont[mainface, 24pt] \startTEXpage[offset=1em]χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά\\\feature[-][tonosoxia]χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά\\\stopTEXpage</context> The sample above should display the difference between the more straight monotonic accent on the second line, and the proper acute accent. ==On “Character Normalization”== Depending on your search, it might be that searching for <code>u</code>, results might include <code>ú</code> <code>ů</code>, <code>ü</code> or any character composed from <code>u</code> and any diacritical mark. Depending on the language, these “normalizations” may belong to the same letter or not (for example, <code>u</code> and <code>ü</code> are the same letter in Spanish, but two different ones in German). This doesn’t only affects to letters: <code>,</code> and <code>‚</code> are the characters for the comma and the opening single–quotation mark (used in some languages, such as German), respectively. At least, ''Firefox'' only displays the occurrences for each character when the option to match diacritics is selected (otherwise, each character displays both occurrences for commas and these opening single–quotation marks). At least in ''Linux'' (using ''Firefox''), the option to match diacritics doesn’t distinguish between monotonic and acute accented vowels. In other operative systems and using other programs, results might differ. =Ancient Greek==

==Monotonic Greek==

==Modern Polytonic Greek?== Before 1982, Greek orthography was mainly polytonic. In fact, modern<ref>As historical term, modern refers to the period that begins after the Middle Ages.</ref> Greek orthography was mainly polytonic.

Before 1982, Greek ortography was polytonic. It seems that hyphenation Hyphenation rules for polytonic Greek differ from both ancient or monotonic Greek.

==Language–Dependent Commands==

==Fonts==

==Footnotes==