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==Simple Math==There are '''two''' kinds of '''math modes''' --- '''inline math and display math'''. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of the text (such as formulas or equations) are called display math. TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression.
Typesetting mathematics can be divided into two parts, '''inline''' math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part The basics of the text) and '''display''' typesetting math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline math consists of maths that in ConTeXt is typed in a sentenceexplained here. For example
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric resultsDisplay math mode ===</context>Type
There are two ways of typing inline math. The TeX was is to surround what you want to type within <code>$</code>...<code>$</code>. Thus, the above will be typed as
Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of the first trignometric results\startformula ... \stopformula
ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same resultto get display math mode. Instead of dollars, you can write the material for maths inside <cmd>\mathematics</cmd>. Thus, an alternate way to type the above is,<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trignometric results</texcode>
Choose the method that suits your style. (I do not know if there === Inline math mode ===There are pros and cons of $..$ vs \mathematics{}. If someone knows, then please elaborate -- aditya )four equivalent commands to get inline math mode:
Display math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair. Thus
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
The famous result (once more) is given by$ ... $ % TeX style.\startformulam{ ... } c^2 = a^2 + b^2\math{ ...} \stopformulamathematics{ ... }
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
== Numbering Formula ==
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</cmd> before <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will get numbered equations. Thus,
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
<texcode>
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</texcode>
</td><td>
This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
The famous result (once more) is given by
\placeformula
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
\stopformula
</context>
</td></tr></table>
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.
== Not so Simple Maths ==
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.) For instance:
<texcode>
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</texcode>
which produces
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
A more complicated equation:
\placeformula
\startformula
{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
\pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
\stopformula
</context>
[http://www.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] you can try it "live" (you must go to [http://www.pragma-ade.com/exalogin login] first).
[[MathAlignment]] is covered on a separate page.
As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example:
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%">
Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2... \stopformula
</td><td>
<context>
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]
Examples:
\placeformula{a}
\startformula
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
\stopformula
\placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula<See [[Math/context></td></tr></table>Display]] for more details on how to use display math in ConTeXt.
What's going on here === Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ===ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is simpler than it might appear at first glancedifferent. Both <cmd>placeformula<See this [http:/cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags)LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno</cmd>. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>.== The details ==
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td widthMath symbols ==="50%"><texcode>* [[Math/basic | How to input math]] (binary relations, greek letters, subscripts and superscripts)More examples:* Accents\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula<* [[Math/texcode><stackers | underbrace]], [[Math/td><td>stackers | overbrace]]<context>\setuplayout* [[scale=0Math/fractions | Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, continued fractions.8,width=8cm]]More examples:* Delimiters (big, bigg, left, middle, right)\placeformula{c}* Integrals and Sums\startformula* ([[Math/functions|Log like]]) functions\let\doplaceformulanumber\empty* dotsc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}* [[Multiline_equations#Cases|Cases]], matrices, bordermatrix\stopformula<* Arrows (see [http:/context></td><dl.contextgarden.net/tr><myway/table>matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])* [[Vectors]]* [[Product integral]]
In order for this to work properly=== Display Math ===* [[Math/Display | Formula, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let<]]* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http:/cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formuladl.contextgarden. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines<net/cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno<myway/cmd> to do this automaticallymathalign.pdf Using \mathalign and friends])* Math sub-alignment* [[Math spacing]]* Discussion: [[User_talk:Zenlima | summary of formula numbering problems]] (comment: unverified)
For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula.
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Yet more examplesOthers:\placeformula* [[math calligraphic]]\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout* Use [[scale=0.8,width=8cmmathstackers]]Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \crin order to define new math commands in which some characters are stacked over another one d^2 &= e^2 &* [[\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table>startcases]]
Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence.==Math Fonts==
---- <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas''See [[location=leftMath fonts]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples '' for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> -- 23:46, 15 Aug 2005 (CEST) Prinse Wangthe main article about this subject.
* And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
→Display Math
< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] | [[Math_structures]] >
== Introduction ==
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
<texcode>
</texcode>
<texcode>
</texcode>
==Sub-Formula Numbering=Note to Plain TeX Users ===ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. '''Do not use <code>$$ .... $$</code>''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use
<texcode>
</texcode>
== Other Methods ==
* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]].And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Multiline equations]]
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
==Science==
* Esp. for physics there’s the [[unitsUnits]] module.
* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemML.
* [[Chemistry]]
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, with its own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==
(i.e. ''doing'' math)
* See also [[Expressions]].
[[Category:Math]]
