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For typesetting There are two kind of mathematics follows different rules than that of normal text, TeX uses something called "math mode" where some characters get a different meaning to enable a simple syntax for complicated formulas. ==Simple Math== Typesetting mathematics can be divided into two parts, '''inlinemath modes''' --- inline math and display math. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math (; while mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part expressions that break the flow of the text(such as formulas or equations) and '''are called display''' math mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers). Inline math consists TeX takes care of maths that is typed proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.Complicated expressions can be built by working in a sentencesteps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression. For example (This is explained in a bit more detail in [[Math/basic]])
<context>\setuplayout[scale=0The basics of typesetting math in ConTeXt is explained here.8,width=13cm]Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trigonometric results</context>
There are two ways of typing === Note to Plain TeX Users ===ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. The TeX way However, display math is to surround what you want to type within significantly different. '''Do not use <code>$</code>$ ....<code>$$</code>. Thus''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the above will be typed as<texcode>Pythagoras formula, stating $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ was one of correct spacing around the first trigonometric results</texcode>formulas. Instead use
ConTeXt also provides an alternative way of typing the same result. Instead of dollars, you can write the material for maths inside <cmd>mathematics</cmd> or <cmd>math</cmd> (which is shorter). Thus, an alternate way to type the above is,
Pythagoras formula, stating \mathematics{a^2 + b^2 = c^2} was one of the first trigonometric resultsstartformula ... \stopformula
Choose the method that suits your styleSee [[Math/Display]] for more details on how to use display math in ConTeXt.
Display math === Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ===ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is enclosed different. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pairConTeXt. Thus
<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valignThe details ="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) is given by\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following:
<context>=== The basics ===\setuplayout* [scale=0.8,width=8cm[Math/basic | How to input math]]The famous result (once morebinary relations, greek letters, subscripts and superscripts) is given by\startformula* Accents* underbrace, overbracec^2 = a^2 + b^2* Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, continued fractions.\stopformula* Delimiters (big, bigg, left, middle, right)* Integrals and Sums<* ([[Math/context>functions|Log like]]) functions* dots* cases, matrices, bordermatrix<* Arrows (see [http://td><dl.contextgarden.net/tr><myway/table>matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])
ConTeXt provides an easy way to number the display maths equations. Simply, put <cmd>placeformula</cmd> before <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair and you will get numbered equations. Thus,<table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following: <context>\setuplayoutMath [scale=0.8,width=8cm]The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation. === Changing format of numbers ===You can use <cmd>setupformulas</cmd> to change the format of numbers. For example to get bold numbers inside square brackets use <table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode> \setupformulas[left={[},right={Fonts]},numberstyle=bold]</texcode></td> <td>which gives <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]\setupformulas[left={* [},right={]},numberstyle=bold]The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> To get alphabets instead of numbers, use<table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>\setupformulas[conversion=CharacterBold Math]</texcode></td><td>which gives<context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]\setupformulas* [conversion=Character]\placeformula\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> === Referencing formulae ===Equations can be referred to by simply adding a label to <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and using <cmd>ref</cmd> to create the referencehttp: <table width="100%" cols="2" cellpadding="5"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>The famous result (and again) is given by\placeformula[formulalabel]\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2.\stopformulaAnd now we can refer to formula \ref[formulalabel].</texcode></td><td>This, when typeset, produces the following: <context>\setuplayout[scale=0homepage.8,width=8cm]The famous result (once more) is given by\placeformula[formulalabel]\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2mac.\stopformula% number is added manually because otherwise only '??' appears:And now we can refer to formula 1.<com/context><atl/td></tr><tex/table> By default, only the formula number appears as a referenceEulerContext. This can be changed by using <cmd>definereferenceformat</cmd>. For example, to create a command <code>\eqref</code> which shows the formula number pdf Euler in brackets, use<texcode>\definereferenceformat[eqref][left=(,right=)]</texcode>See [[References]] for more examples of <cmd>definereferenceformat</cmd>. == Not so Simple Maths == ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas. (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within using Euler math.) For instance:<texcode>A more complicated equation:\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2} = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \rightfont)\stopformula</texcode> which produces <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]by Adam LindsayA more complicated equation:\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2} = \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr} \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</context> Context provides a wrapper around tex <cmd>pmatrix</cmd>. The above can be typeset in a contextish way as<texcode>A more complicated equation:\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</texcode><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]A more complicated equation:\definemathmatrix[pmatrix][left={\left(\,},right={\,\right)}]\placeformula\startformula{{\theta_{\text{\CONTEXT}}}^2 \over x+2}= \startpmatrix \NC a_{11} \NC a_{12} \NC \ldots \NC a_{1n} \NR \NC a_{21} \NC a_{22} \NC \ldots \NC a_{2n} \NR \NC \vdots \NC \vdots \NC \ddots \NC \vdots \NR \NC a_{n1} \NC a_{n2} \NC \ldots \NC a_{nn} \NR\stoppmatrix\startpmatrix b_1 \NR b_2 \NR \vdots \NR b_n \NR \stoppmatrix+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j\left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n = 1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)\stopformula</context> [http://www.pragma-ade.com/texmath.html Here] you can try it "live" (you must go to [http://www.pragma-ade.com/exalogin login] first). * [[Equation alignmentRsfs]] is covered on a separate page. ==Sub-Formula Numbering== As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example: <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cm]Examples:\placeformula{a}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula \placesubformula{b}\startformulac^2 = a^2 + b^2\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> WhatUsing Ralph Smith's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance. Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags). This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula. However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno</cmd>. Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaFormal Script</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout* [scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples:\placeformula{c}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \eqno{\formulanumber}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> In order for this to work properly, we need to turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement; thus the <cmd>let</cmd> command to empty <cmd>doplaceformulanumber</cmd>, which must be placed <em>after</em> the start of the formula. In many practical examples, however, this is not necessary; ConTeXt redefines <cmd>displaylines</cmd> and <cmd>eqalignno</cmd> to do this automatically. For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr c &= \left(a^2 + b^2\right)^{\vfrac{1}{2}} &\subformulanumber{b}\cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{c} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=8cmDoublestroke]Yet more examples:\placeformula\startformula\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr c &= \left(a^2 + b^2\right)^{\vfrac{1}{2}} &\subformulanumber{b}\cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{c} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence. <table width="100%" cols="2"><tr valign="top"><td width="50%"><texcode>More examples for left-located equation number:\setupformulas[location=left]Using Double Stroke Font \placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</texcode></td><td><context>\setuplayout* [scale=0.8,width=8cm]More examples for left-located equation no.:\setupformulas[location=leftProduct integral]\placeformula{d}\startformula\let\doplaceformulanumber\emptyc^2 = a^2 + b^2 \leqno{\formulanumber}\stopformulaand\placeformula\startformula\leqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2 &\formulanumber{a} \cr a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 &\subformulanumber{b} \cr d^2 &= e^2 &\formulanumber\cr}\stopformula</context></td></tr></table> -- 23:46, 15 Aug 2005 (CEST) Prinse Wang If you want named subformula with a reference see the solution proposed by Aditya Mahajan on the mailing-list [http://archive.contextgarden.net/message/20061029.063821.ba521b6c.en.html] (2006-10-29). This feature should be added to the core eventually. ==List of Formulas== You can have a list of the formulas contained in a document by using <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> instead of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>. Only the formulas written with <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> are not put in the list, so that you can control precisely the content of the list. <cmd>placenamedformula</cmd> takes as first parameter the name of the formula put in the list. The other <cmd>placeformula</cmd> features are still available. The list can be formatted like any other list. Example:<texcode>\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf \placeformula\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf \placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf</texcode> Gives: <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]\subsubject{List of Formulas}\placelist[formula][criterium=text,alternative=c] \subsubject{Formulas}\placenamedformula[one]{First listed Formula}\startformula a = 1 \stopformula \endgraf \placeformula\startformula a = 2 \stopformula \endgraf \placenamedformula{Second listed Formula}{b}\startformula a = 3 \stopformula \endgraf</context>symbol
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
==Math [[Fonts]]==
* [[Bold Math]]
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
* [[rsfs]] Using Ralph Smith's Formal Script
* [[doublestroke]] Using Double Stroke Font
* [[Product integral]] symbol
Complete overhaul of the page....
== Introduction ==
TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
<texcode>
</texcode>
== Numbering Formulae =Display Math ===* [[display math | Formula, formula number]]* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/mathalign.pdf Using \mathalign and friends])* Math sub-alignment
== Other Methods ==
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
==Science==
* [[Chemistry]]
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
[[Category:Math]]
